Real-space sampling of terahertz waveforms with sub-nanometer spatial resolution

Terahertz scanning tunneling microscopy (THz-STM) has emerged as a potent technique for probing ultrafast nanoscale dynamics with exceptional spatiotemporal precision, whereby the acquisition of THz near-field waveforms holds paramount significance. While substantial efforts have been dedicated to retrieving the waveform utilizing the photoemission current or a molecular sensor, these methods are challenged by intensive thermal effects or complex sample preparations. In this study, we introduce a universal approach for real-time characterization of THz near-field waveforms within the tunnel junction, achieving sub-nanometer spatial resolution. Utilizing the gating mechanism intrinsic to the STM junction, coherent scanning of a gated strong THz pulse over a weak THz pulse is achieved, facilitating direct measurement of the waveform. Notably, employing a custom-built Carrier-Envelope Phase (CEP) shifter, THz-CEP has been successfully characterized in the tunnel junction. Furthermore, THz spectral imaging through point-to-point sampling of THz waveforms on a triatomic Au (111) step has been demonstrated, highlighting the sub-nanometer spatial resolution of our sampling methodology.Comment: 26 pages and 4 figures for the manuscript; 16 pages and 7 figures for the Supporting Informatio

Evaluation of the reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines on gliomas using the RIGHT checklist

Background: The reporting quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for gliomas has not yet been thoroughly assessed. The International Reporting Items for Practice Guidelines in Healthcare (RIGHT) statement developed in 2016 provides a reporting framework to improve the quality of CPGs. We aimed to estimate the reporting quality of glioma guidelines using the RIGHT checklist and investigate how the reporting quality differs by selected characteristics. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases, guideline databases, and medical society websites to retrieve CPGs on glioma published between 2018 and 2020. We calculated the compliance of the CPGs to individual items, domains and the RIGHT checklist overall. We performed stratified analyses by publication year, country of development, reporting of funding, and impact factor (IF) of the journal. Results: Our search revealed 20 eligible guidelines. Mean overall adherence to the RIGHT statement was 54.6%. Eight CPGs reported more than 60% of the items, and five reported less than 50%. All guidelines adhered to the items 1a, 3, 7a, 13a, while no guidelines reported the items 17 or 18b (see http://www.rightstatement.org/right-statement/checklist for a description of the items). Two of the seven domains, "Basic information" and "Background", had mean reporting rates above 60%. The "Review and quality assurance" domain had the lowest mean reporting rate, 12.5%. The reporting quality of guidelines published in 2020, guidelines developed in the United States, and guidelines that reported funding tended to be above average. Conclusions: The reporting quality of CPGs on gliomas is low and needs improvement. Particular attention should be paid on reporting the external review and quality assurance process. The use of the RIGHT criteria should be encouraged to guide the development, reporting and evaluation of CPGs

Tutorial and Critical Analysis of Phishing Websites Methods

The Internet has become an essential component of our everyday social and financial activities. Internet is not important for individual users only but also for organizations, because organizations that offer online trading can achieve a competitive edge by serving worldwide clients. Internet facilitates reaching customers all over the globe without any market place restrictions and with effective use of e-commerce. As a result, the number of customers who rely on the Internet to perform procurements is increasing dramatically. Hundreds of millions of dollars are transferred through the Internet every day. This amount of money was tempting the fraudsters to carry out their fraudulent operations. Hence, Internet users may be vulnerable to different types of web threats, which may cause financial damages, identity theft, loss of private information, brand reputation damage and loss of customers’ confidence in e-commerce and online banking. Therefore, suitability of the Internet for commercial transactions becomes doubtful. Phishing is considered a form of web threats that is defined as the art of impersonating a website of an honest enterprise aiming to obtain user’s confidential credentials such as usernames, passwords and social security numbers. In this article, the phishing phenomena will be discussed in detail. In addition, we present a survey of the state of the art research on such attack. Moreover, we aim to recognize the up-to-date developments in phishing and its precautionary measures and provide a comprehensive study and evaluation of these researches to realize the gap that is still predominating in this area. This research will mostly focus on the web based phishing detection methods rather than email based detection methods